Table 7 Structures of selected fish-extracted antihypertensive and ACE inhibitory oligopeptides.

Penta-peptides ALPHA
10 M [60]
507.2798
7.95
0
+10.12 IWHHT
5.1 M [60]
692.3386
8.05
0
+9.60 LKPNM
17 M [60]
601.3248
10.14
+1
+9.77 LYPPP
1.3 M [54]
585.3153
5.22
0
+6.36 VELYP
5.22 M [66]
619.3207
3.01
?1
+9.25 EHPVL
1.680 mM [72]
593.3164
5.06
?1
+12.29 EVLIQ
1.440 mM [72]
600.3472
3.12
?1
+9.47 Hexa-peptides AHLLLL
–
678.4416
7.95
0
+5.73 DYGLYP
62 m [60]
349.1633
5.48
0
+7.83 Rabbit Polyclonal to RPC8 ELLGFV
–
676.3784
3.23
?1
+8.01 HWTTQR
1.74 mM [55]
827.4028
10.91
+1
+11.22 IKPLNY
43 M [60]
746.4314
9.79
+1
+8.61 KHQDFF
–
820.3857
7.55
0
+14.02 KNGDGY
51.63 M [66]
652.2808
6.42
0
+16.78 QDLLFR
–
790.4325
6.48
0
+9.91 RSIKGF
32.74 M [66]
706.4115
11.52
+2
+11.29 STHGVW
19.30 M [66]
685.3175
7.63
0
+9.54 TFPHGP
947.56 M [55]
654.3117
7.57
0
+10.20 YSMYPP
2.8?M [54]
756.3142
5.17
0
+6.55 KVPPKA
0.980 mM [72]
638.4104
10.57
+2
+13.82 LAPPTM
1.310 mM [72]
628.3244
5.40
0
+7.01 Hepta-peptides EKSYELP
14.41 M [66]
864.4215
4.08
?1
+16.60 FNVPLYE
7.71 M [44]
880.4317
3.09
?1
+8.39 GIHETTY
25.66 M [66]
819.3751
5.06
?1
+13.68 LNLQDFR
0.85 M [53]
904.4753
6.74
0
+10.76 MILLLFR
0.12?M
904.5552 [53]
10.88
+1
+2.46 NELLLFR
–
903.5163
6.38
0
+8.73 QNLLNYR
–
919.4862
9.60
+1
+8.97 LGPLGHQ
4.22 M [67]
720.3908
7.89
0
+10.94 ALGPQFY
0.012 mM [72]
794.3951
5.46
0
+6.79 Octa-peptides AFVGYVLP
18.02 M [66]
864.4731
5.23
0
+5.10 NLGALLFR
–
902.5323
10.60
+1
+6.75 SFHPYFSY
82.71 M [66]
1046.4484
7.57
0
+6.45 VWDPPKFD
9.1 M [44]
1002.4796
3.91
?1
+14.00 FGASTRGA
14.7 M [68]
765.3759
10.90
+1
+12.01 GASSGMPG
6.9 M [73]
662.2685
5.60
0
+12.24 Nona-peptides IVGRPRHQG
6.2 M [60]
1018.5770
12.49
+2
+15.48 MVGSAPGVL
3.09 M [67]
829.4354
5.51
0
+8.46 Deca-peptides FEDYVPLSCF
11.26 M [44]
1218.5249
2.92
?2
+9.91 LLMLDNDLPP
35.7 M [69]
1139.5877
2.76
?2
+10.64 Open in a separate window Effect of Different Fractionation Processes around the Separation of Blood Pressure Lowering PeptidesIn a study by Chen et al. the readers knowledge on research and discovery trend of fish antihypertensive biopeptides. Furthermore, drug-likeness of selected biopeptides was predicted by Lipinskis rules to differentiate a drug-like biopeptide from nondrug-like one. alkaline proteaseSK1-3-7 proteinases (DH: 48%)alkaline protease (different enzyme: Product ratio and 1, 17 and 24 h duration)A26 (DH: 18%), crude alkaline protease (DH: 15%)RP-HPLC (symmetry C18 column), MALDI-TOF/TOF[62]Bigeye tuna dark muscle1enzymatic hydrolysisA21 proteases (DH: 16%), cuttlefish hepatopancreas proteases (DH: 8%)A26; 87%,crude alkaline protease; 51%Crude blend and hydrolysates wealthy in
Glu, Gly, Pro [62]Bigeye tuna- ACE inhibition,
purified PIII-2; IC50 21.6 M, noncompetitive inhibition mode,
– % ACE inhibition at 2 mg mL?1,
hydrolysate of
alcalase; 48%,
-chymotrypsin; 57%,
neutrase; 64%,
papain; 20%,
pepsin; 81%,
trypsin; 36%,
pepsin hydrolysate small fraction Diethylcarbamazine citrate PIII; 78%,
PIII-2; ~80%,
– Antihypertensive activity,
dental administration of 10 mg kg?1 BW
~17 mm Hg maximal SBP drop in SHR at 3 h and 6 hPIII-2 abundant with
WPEAAELMMEVDP 1581 Da[63]Yellowfin singular (L. aspera)- % ACE inhibition;
30C10 kDa; 47.6%,
10C5 kDa; 34.5%,
<5 kDa; 68.8%,
– ACE inhibition,
<5 kDa; IC50 0.883 mg mL?1 (22.3 M),
fractions of < 5 kDa;
cation exchange chromatography; IC50 0.210 mg mL?1,
gel permeation Diethylcarbamazine citrate chromatography; IC50 0.093 mg mL?1,
1st RP-HPLC; IC50 0.056 mg mL?1,
2nd RP-HPLC; IC50 0.029 mg mL?1,
undigested protein; significant ACE inhibition at 250 M, 500 mM, non-competitively,
– Antihypertensive activity,
solitary dental administration of 10 mg kg?1 BW
22 mmHg maximal SBP drop in SHR at 3 hUndigested protein enhanced in MIFPGAGGPEL 1.2 kDa and
<5 kDa fraction abundant with hydrophobic AAs[64]Cobia (R. canadum)- ACE inhibition,
hydrolysate; IC50 0.57 mg mL?1,
>8 kDa; IC50 1.06 mg mL?1,
8C5 kDa; IC50 0.73 mg mL?1,
5C3 kDa; IC50 0.36 mg mL?1,
<3 kDa; IC50 0.24 mg mL?1,
– Antihypertensive activity,
dental Diethylcarbamazine citrate administration of 150, 600, 1200 mg kg?1 BW reduced SBP in SHR dose-dependently at 2C8 h significantly,
1200 mg kg?1 BW,
57 mmHg maximal SBP drop in SHR at 4 h <3 kDa fraction;
67% (1749C173 Da),
11% (2831C1747 Da),
16% (7875C2831 Da)[65]Cuttlefish (S. officinalis) – ACE inhibition;
A21 proteases hydrolysate; IC50 1.12 mg mL?1,
Cuttlefish proteases hydrolysate; IC50 1.19 mg mL?1,
Peptides of A21 proteases hydrolysate:
SFHPYFSY; IC50 82.71 M
AFVGYVLP; IC50 18.02 M
KNGDGY; IC50 51.63 M
STHGVW; IC50 19.30 M
RSIKGF; IC50 32.74 M
GS; IC50 1156.3 M
Peptides of cuttlefish proteases hydrolysate:
GIHETTY; IC50 25.66 M
EKSYELP; IC50 14.41 M
VELYP; IC50 5.22 M
– Antihypertensive activity,
dental administration of VELYP
10 mg kg?1 BW d?1
decreased SBP and DBP at 2C8 h post-administration non-cytotoxically (20 mmHg maximal SBP drop) in SHR Hydrolysates wealthy in
SFHPYFSY 1047.1 Da,
AFVGYVLP 865.4 Da,
KNGDGY 653.2 Da,
STHGVW 663.1 Da,
RSIKGF 665.0 Da,
GS 163.0 Da,
GIHETTY 820.3 Da,
EKSYELP 865.1 Da,
VELYP 620.1 Da[66]Skate (O. kenojei) – % ACE inhibition,
2 mg mL?1 Alcalase gelatin hydrolysate; 72.8%,
1 mg mL?1 alcalase/protease gelatin hydrolysate < 1 kDa (SAP); 86%,
100 g mL?1 SAP-I; 73%,
100 g mL?1 SAP-I3; 85%
MVGSAPGVL; IC50 3.09 M,
LGPLGHQ; IC50 4.22 MSAP-I3 abundant with MVGSAPGVL 829 Da, LGPLGHQ 720 Da[67]- Antihypertensive activity,
oral administration of just one 1 g SAP kg?1 BW d?1, 20 times,
127.2 mmHg maximal SBP drop,
77.6 mmHg maximal DBP drop,
94.2 mmHg maximal mean blood circulation pressure drop at day time 20, in SHR SAP abundant with
Lys 31% > Gly 16% > Glu 7%,
SAPI-3 wealthy in[39] Alaska Pollack (T. chalcogramma) – ACE inhibition
?<1?kDa; IC50 0.457 mg mL?1
SP-Sephadex?C-25; IC50 0.11 mg mL?1
Sephadex?G-25; IC50 0.066 mg mL?1
1st RP-HPLC; IC50 0.023 mg mL?1
2nd RP-HPLC; IC50 0.013 mg mL?1
FGASTRGA; IC50 14.7 M 2nd RP-HPLC fraction abundant with
FGASTRGA 765 Da[68]Pacific cod (G. macrocephalus) – ACE inhibition
100 g mL?1 Hydrolysate; 60.40%,
FPLC; 71.81%,
HPLC; 77.85%,
LLMLDNDLPP; IC50 35.7 MHPLC fraction abundant with LLMLDNDLPP 1301 Da[69]Brownstripe red snapper (Lutjanus vitta)- % ACE inhibition ~ 33%Hydrolysates abundant with hydrophobic AAs ~ 44% > charged AAs ~ 43% > polar AAs 13%[70]Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)- % ACE inhibition,
0.2% w/v protein cryotin hydrolysates 62C71%,
flavourzyme hydrolysates 66C73%MW range 3.5C110 kDa[71]Rock fish (Actinopyga lecanora)- % ACE inhibition,
RP-HPLC fractions; 43.50%,
IEF electrophoresis sub-fractions; 69.21%,
ALGPQFY; IC50 0.012 mM,
KVPPKA; IC50 0.980 mM,
LAPPTM; IC50 1.310 mM,
EVLIQ; IC50 1.440 mM,
EHPVL; IC50 1.680 mMALGPQFY 794.44 Da,
KVPPKA 638.88 Da,
LAPPTM 628.85 Da,
EVLIQ 600.77 Da,
EHPVL.