Three research conducted in the Finnish older population reported that nervous program medications were prescribed to between 63% and 89% within this group of sufferers [23, 33, 34]. diseasesa 105 (17.5)Respiratoryb 74 (23.4)Respiratoryb 69 (24.3)Respiratoryb 143 (23.8)Gastrointestinalc 123 (38.9)Gastrointestinalc 104 (36.6)Gastrointestinalc 227 (37.8)Diabetes Mellitus41 (13)Diabetes Mellitus71 (25)Diabetes Mellitus112 (18.7)Joint diseasesd 75 (23.7)Joint diseasesd 79 (27.8)Joint diseasesd 154 (25.7)Hypertension89 (28.2)Hypertension103 (36.3)Hypertension192 (32)CNS disorderse 63 (19.9)CNS disorderse 46 (16.2)CNS disorderse 109 (18.2)Others46 (14.6)Others49 (17.3)Others95 (15.8) Open up in another window a(Heart failing, Coronary ischemic disease, Atrial fibrillation, Stenosis) b(Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) c(Peptic ulcer, Irritable colon symptoms) d(Osteoarthritis, Arthritis rheumatoid) e(Alzheimers disease, Epilepsy, Depression, Stress and anxiety) The mostly prescribed medication classes were: A: alimentary tract and fat burning capacity (80%), N: nervous system (66.3, J: anti-infectives for systemic use (62.2and C: heart (48.3%), respectively. The detailed description about the drug utilization pattern is given in Tables ?Tables33 and ?and44. Table 3 Prescription drug utilization in study participants thead th colspan=”19″ rowspan=”1″ Prescription Drug Utilization (%) /th th rowspan=”2″ colspan=”1″ Pharmacologic groups /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 60C74?years /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 75C89?years /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 90?years /th th colspan=”6″ rowspan=”1″ Total /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?239) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?183) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?57) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?76) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?20) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?25) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?316) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?284) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Overall ( em n /em ?=?600) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th /thead A?=?Alimentary metabolism18276 and tract.215182.54477.25876.3201002510024677.823482.448080B?=?Blood and blood-forming organs2510.51910.435.367.91528299.2279.5569.3C?=?Cardiovascular system10242.78144.33663.24457.91260156015047.514049.329048.3D?=?Dermatologic104.273.881479.221028206.3165.6366G?=?Genitourinary system31.3000000000030.90030.5H?=?Systemic hormonal agents104.2189.823.522.621028144.4227.7366J?=?Anti-infectives for systemic use14761.513372.72543.94052.61365156018558.518866.237362.2L?=?Immune-modulating and Antineoplastic agents72.921.111.833.9000082.551.8132.2M?=?Musculoskeletal system7029.35630.61831.62634.221012489028.59433.118430.7N?=?Nervous system16066.913473.23459.64863.21260104020665.219267.639866.3P?=?Antiparasitic products83.310.50022.6150092.831.1122R?=?Respiratory system6527.25429.52035.12938.25259369028.59232.418230.3V?=?Various0031.60011.300000041.440.7 Open in another window Table 4 Drug utilization pattern in study participants (ATC level 1C4) thead th colspan=”12″ rowspan=”1″ Drug Utilization pattern (%a) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 1 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 2 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ n /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 3 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 4 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th /thead A48080A01: Stomatological preparations12020A01A: Stomatological preparations12020A01AB: Anti-infectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment12020A02: Drugs for acid related disorders38764.5A02B: Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD38263.7A02BA: H2-receptor antagonists6010A02BC: Proton pump inhibitors30951.5A03: Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders12921.5A03F: Propulsives11619.3A03FA: Propulsives11619.3A10: Drugs found in diabetes11719.5A10B: Blood sugar lowering drugs7212A10BB: Sulfonylureas538.8B569.3B01: Antithrombotic agents264.3B01A: Antithrombotic agents264.3B01AC: Platelet aggregation inhibitors233.8B05: Blood substitutes274.5B05B:I.v. solutions274.5B05BC: Osmotic diuresis274.5C29048.3C03: Diuretics7512.5C03C: High-ceiling diuretics6811.3C03CA: Sulfonamides, plain6811.3C07: Beta blocking agents11919.8C07A: Beta blocking agents11919.8C07AB: Beta blocking agents, selective6210.3C08: Calcium channel blockers9916.5C08C: Selective calcium channel blockers9115.2C08CA: Dihydropyridine derivatives9115.2C10: Lipid modifying agents9916.5C10A: Lipid modifying agents, plain9716.2C10AA: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors9716.2D366D07: Corticosteroids416.8D07A: Corticosteroids, plain416.8D07AA: Corticosteroids, weak (group I)305G30.5G04: Urologicals40.7G04C: Drugs found in BPH20.3G04CA: Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists20.3H366H01: Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones315.2H01C: Hypothalamic hormones315.2H01CB: Somatostatin and analogues315.2J37362.2J01: Antibacterials for systemic use49582.5J01D: Other beta-lactam antibacterials26644.3J01DD: 3rd-generation cephalosporins25542.5J01?M: Quinolone antibacterials6811.3J01MA: Fluoroquinolones6811.3J04: Antimycobacterials9215.3J04A: Drugs for tuberculosis9215.3J04AK: Other drugs488L132.2L01: Antineoplastic agents172.8L01B: Antimetabolites040.7L01BA: Folic acid analogues030.5M18430.7M01: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products18831.3M01A: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids18831.3M01AB: Acetic acid derivatives15926.5N39866.3N02: Analgesics40367.2N02B: Other analgesics and antipyretics35959.8N02BE: Anilides30550.8N03: Antiepileptics6711.2N03A: Antiepileptics6711.2N03AX: Other antiepileptics325.3P122P01: Antiprotozoals132.2P01B: Antimalarials122P01BF: Artemisinin and derivatives91.5R18230.3R01: Nasal preparations8414R01A: Decongestants and other8414R01AD: Corticosteroids6110.2R03: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases11318.8R03A: Adrenergics, inhalants8614.3R03AC: Selective beta-2 agonists437.2R06: Antihistamines for systemic use6711.2R06A: Antihistamines for systemic use6711.2R06AA: Aminoalkyl ethers467.7V40.7V03: Other therapeutic products61V03A: Other therapeutic products61V03AB: Antidotes61 Open in another window Note: An individual could be prescribed a number of than one drug from level 2, level 3 and level 4 categories aPercentages given with regards to the total sample size from the patients. GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease, BPH Benign prostate hyperplasia One of the most prescribed dynamic chemicals were; A02BC01: omeprazole ( em n /em ?=?308, 51.3%), N02BE01: paracetamol ( em n /em ?=?305, 50.8%) and J01DD04: ceftriaxone ( em n /em ?=?241, 40.2%) (Table ?(Table5).5). An in depth description about using all prescribed medicines are available in Appendix. Table 5 Top active substances prescribed to review participants (ATC level 5) thead th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Name /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ ATC Code /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Frequency ( em n /em ?=?3179) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Percentagea /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Trend used /th /thead AmlodipineC08CA017813MediumAspirinN02BA01549LowAtenololC07AB036210.3MediumCaptoprilC09AA01538.8LowCeftriaxoneJ01DD0424140.2HighDexamethasoneR01AD036110.2MediumDiclofenac sodiumM01AB0511118.5MediumFurosemideC03CA016811.3MediumLactuloseA06AD11498.2LowMetforminA10BA02538.8LowMetoclopramideA03FA018614.3MediumMetronidazoleA01AB1711919.8MediumOmeprazoleA02BC0130851.3HighParacetamolN02BE0130550.8HighSimvastatinC10AA016310.5Medium Open in another window aPercentages given with regards to the BCIP total sample size of patients After adjusting the factors connected with increased drug use among elderly hospitalized patients who had been on polypharmacy regimens in the univariate analysis, the factors which remained significant in the multiple linear regression were; male gender (95% CI ?.205, ?.006, em p /em ?=?.039, B?=??.091), being divorced (95% CI ?.604, ?.136, em p /em ?=?.002, B?=??.130) and the current presence of comorbidity (95% CI .068, .267, em p /em ?=?.001, B?=?.144) (Table ?(Table66). Table 6 Factors affecting amount of prescribed drugs: multiple linear.All authors accepted BCIP and read last version from the manuscript. Notes Ethics consent and acceptance to participate The scholarly study was predicated on the Code of Ethics from the Declaration of Helsinki. =? (%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%) /th /thead Center diseasesa 62 (19.6)Heart diseasesa 43 (15.1)Heart diseasesa 105 (17.5)Respiratoryb 74 (23.4)Respiratoryb 69 (24.3)Respiratoryb 143 (23.8)Gastrointestinalc 123 (38.9)Gastrointestinalc 104 (36.6)Gastrointestinalc 227 (37.8)Diabetes Mellitus41 (13)Diabetes Mellitus71 (25)Diabetes Mellitus112 (18.7)Joint diseasesd 75 (23.7)Joint diseasesd 79 (27.8)Joint diseasesd 154 (25.7)Hypertension89 (28.2)Hypertension103 (36.3)Hypertension192 (32)CNS disorderse 63 (19.9)CNS disorderse 46 (16.2)CNS disorderse 109 (18.2)Others46 (14.6)Others49 (17.3)Others95 (15.8) Open in another window a(Heart failure, Coronary ischemic disease, Atrial fibrillation, Stenosis) b(Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) c(Peptic ulcer, Irritable bowel syndrome) d(Osteoarthritis, Arthritis rheumatoid) e(Alzheimers disease, Epilepsy, Depression, Anxiety) The mostly prescribed drug classes were: A: alimentary tract and metabolism (80%), N: nervous system (66.3, J: anti-infectives for systemic use (62.2and C: heart (48.3%), respectively. The detailed description about the drug utilization pattern is given in Tables ?Tables33 and ?and44. Table 3 Prescription drug utilization in study participants thead th colspan=”19″ rowspan=”1″ Prescription Drug Utilization (%) /th th rowspan=”2″ colspan=”1″ Pharmacologic groups /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 60C74?years /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 75C89?years /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 90?years /th th colspan=”6″ rowspan=”1″ Total /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?239) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?183) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?57) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?76) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?20) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?25) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?316) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?284) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Overall ( em n /em ?=?600) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th /thead A?=?Alimentary tract and metabolism18276.215182.54477.25876.3201002510024677.823482.448080B?=?Blood and blood-forming organs2510.51910.435.367.91528299.2279.5569.3C?=?Cardiovascular system10242.78144.33663.24457.91260156015047.514049.329048.3D?=?Dermatologic104.273.881479.221028206.3165.6366G?=?Genitourinary system31.3000000000030.90030.5H?=?Systemic hormonal agents104.2189.823.522.621028144.4227.7366J?=?Anti-infectives for systemic use14761.513372.72543.94052.61365156018558.518866.237362.2L?=?Antineoplastic and immune-modulating agents72.921.111.833.9000082.551.8132.2M?=?Musculoskeletal system7029.35630.61831.62634.221012489028.59433.118430.7N?=?Nervous system16066.913473.23459.64863.21260104020665.219267.639866.3P?=?Antiparasitic products83.310.50022.6150092.831.1122R?=?Respiratory system6527.25429.52035.12938.25259369028.59232.418230.3V?=?Various0031.60011.300000041.440.7 Open in another window Table 4 Drug utilization pattern in study participants (ATC level 1C4) thead th colspan=”12″ rowspan=”1″ Drug Utilization pattern (%a) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 1 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 2 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ n /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 3 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 4 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th /thead A48080A01: Stomatological preparations12020A01A: Stomatological preparations12020A01AB: Anti-infectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment12020A02: Drugs for acid related disorders38764.5A02B: Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD38263.7A02BA: H2-receptor antagonists6010A02BC: Proton pump inhibitors30951.5A03: Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders12921.5A03F: Propulsives11619.3A03FA: Propulsives11619.3A10: Drugs found in diabetes11719.5A10B: Blood sugar lowering drugs7212A10BB: Sulfonylureas538.8B569.3B01: Antithrombotic agents264.3B01A: Antithrombotic agents264.3B01AC: Platelet aggregation inhibitors233.8B05: Blood substitutes274.5B05B:I.v. solutions274.5B05BC: Osmotic diuresis274.5C29048.3C03: Diuretics7512.5C03C: High-ceiling diuretics6811.3C03CA: Sulfonamides, plain6811.3C07: Beta blocking agents11919.8C07A: Beta blocking agents11919.8C07AB: Beta blocking agents, selective6210.3C08: Calcium channel blockers9916.5C08C: Selective calcium channel blockers9115.2C08CA: Dihydropyridine derivatives9115.2C10: Lipid modifying agents9916.5C10A: Lipid modifying agents, plain9716.2C10AA: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors9716.2D366D07: Corticosteroids416.8D07A: Corticosteroids, plain416.8D07AA: Corticosteroids, weak (group I)305G30.5G04: Urologicals40.7G04C: Drugs found in BPH20.3G04CA: Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists20.3H366H01: Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones315.2H01C: Hypothalamic hormones315.2H01CB: Somatostatin and analogues315.2J37362.2J01: Antibacterials for systemic use49582.5J01D: Other beta-lactam antibacterials26644.3J01DD: 3rd-generation cephalosporins25542.5J01?M: Quinolone antibacterials6811.3J01MA: Fluoroquinolones6811.3J04: Antimycobacterials9215.3J04A: Drugs for tuberculosis9215.3J04AK: Other drugs488L132.2L01: Antineoplastic agents172.8L01B: Antimetabolites040.7L01BA: Folic acid analogues030.5M18430.7M01: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products18831.3M01A: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids18831.3M01AB: Acetic acid derivatives15926.5N39866.3N02: Analgesics40367.2N02B: Other analgesics and antipyretics35959.8N02BE: Anilides30550.8N03: Antiepileptics6711.2N03A: Antiepileptics6711.2N03AX: Other antiepileptics325.3P122P01: Antiprotozoals132.2P01B: Antimalarials122P01BF: Artemisinin and derivatives91.5R18230.3R01: Nasal preparations8414R01A: Decongestants and other8414R01AD: Corticosteroids6110.2R03: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases11318.8R03A: Adrenergics, inhalants8614.3R03AC: Selective beta-2 agonists437.2R06: Antihistamines for systemic use6711.2R06A: Antihistamines for systemic use6711.2R06AA: Aminoalkyl ethers467.7V40.7V03: Other therapeutic products61V03A: Other therapeutic products61V03AB: Antidotes61 Open in another window Note: An individual could be prescribed a number of than one drug from level 2, level 3 and level 4 categories aPercentages given with regards to the total sample size from the patients. GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease, BPH Benign prostate hyperplasia The mostly prescribed active substances were; A02BC01: omeprazole ( em n /em ?=?308, 51.3%), N02BE01: paracetamol ( em n /em ?=?305, 50.8%) and J01DD04: ceftriaxone ( em n /em ?=?241, 40.2%) (Table ?(Table5).5). An in depth description about using all prescribed medicines are available in Appendix. Table 5 Top active substances prescribed to review participants (ATC level 5) thead th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Name /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ ATC Code /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Frequency ( em n /em ?=?3179) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Percentagea /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Trend used /th /thead AmlodipineC08CA017813MediumAspirinN02BA01549LowAtenololC07AB036210.3MediumCaptoprilC09AA01538.8LowCeftriaxoneJ01DD0424140.2HighDexamethasoneR01AD036110.2MediumDiclofenac sodiumM01AB0511118.5MediumFurosemideC03CA016811.3MediumLactuloseA06AD11498.2LowMetforminA10BA02538.8LowMetoclopramideA03FA018614.3MediumMetronidazoleA01AB1711919.8MediumOmeprazoleA02BC0130851.3HighParacetamolN02BE0130550.8HighSimvastatinC10AA016310.5Medium Open in another.As well as the treatment of gastritis, proton pump inhibitors may also be very commonly prescribed being a gastro-protectant for patients prescribed antiplatelet and non-steriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 69 (24.3)Respiratoryb 143 (23.8)Gastrointestinalc 123 (38.9)Gastrointestinalc 104 (36.6)Gastrointestinalc 227 (37.8)Diabetes Mellitus41 (13)Diabetes Mellitus71 (25)Diabetes Mellitus112 (18.7)Joint diseasesd 75 (23.7)Joint diseasesd 79 (27.8)Joint diseasesd 154 (25.7)Hypertension89 (28.2)Hypertension103 (36.3)Hypertension192 (32)CNS disorderse 63 (19.9)CNS disorderse 46 (16.2)CNS disorderse 109 (18.2)Others46 (14.6)Others49 (17.3)Others95 (15.8) Open in another window a(Heart failure, Coronary ischemic disease, Atrial fibrillation, Stenosis) b(Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) c(Peptic ulcer, Irritable bowel syndrome) d(Osteoarthritis, Arthritis rheumatoid) e(Alzheimers disease, Epilepsy, Depression, Anxiety) The mostly prescribed drug classes were: A: alimentary tract and metabolism (80%), N: nervous system (66.3, J: anti-infectives for systemic use (62.2and C: heart (48.3%), respectively. The detailed description about the drug utilization pattern is given in Tables ?Tables33 and ?and44. Table 3 Prescription drug utilization in study participants thead th colspan=”19″ rowspan=”1″ Prescription Drug Utilization (%) /th th rowspan=”2″ colspan=”1″ Pharmacologic groups /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 60C74?years /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 75C89?years /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 90?years /th th colspan=”6″ rowspan=”1″ Total /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?239) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?183) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?57) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?76) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?20) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?25) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?316) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?284) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Overall ( em n /em ?=?600) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th /thead A?=?Alimentary tract and metabolism18276.215182.54477.25876.3201002510024677.823482.448080B?=?Blood and blood-forming organs2510.51910.435.367.91528299.2279.5569.3C?=?Cardiovascular system10242.78144.33663.24457.91260156015047.514049.329048.3D?=?Dermatologic104.273.881479.221028206.3165.6366G?=?Genitourinary system31.3000000000030.90030.5H?=?Systemic hormonal agents104.2189.823.522.621028144.4227.7366J?=?Anti-infectives for systemic use14761.513372.72543.94052.61365156018558.518866.237362.2L?=?Antineoplastic and immune-modulating agents72.921.111.833.9000082.551.8132.2M?=?Musculoskeletal system7029.35630.61831.62634.221012489028.59433.118430.7N?=?Nervous system16066.913473.23459.64863.21260104020665.219267.639866.3P?=?Antiparasitic products83.310.50022.6150092.831.1122R?=?Respiratory system6527.25429.52035.12938.25259369028.59232.418230.3V?=?Various0031.60011.300000041.440.7 Open in another window Table 4 Drug utilization pattern in study participants (ATC level 1C4) thead th colspan=”12″ rowspan=”1″ Drug Utilization pattern (%a) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 1 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 2 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ n /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 3 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 4 /th th Tal1 rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th /thead A48080A01: Stomatological preparations12020A01A: Stomatological preparations12020A01AB: Anti-infectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment12020A02: Drugs for acid related disorders38764.5A02B: Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD38263.7A02BA: H2-receptor antagonists6010A02BC: Proton pump inhibitors30951.5A03: Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders12921.5A03F: Propulsives11619.3A03FA: Propulsives11619.3A10: Drugs found in diabetes11719.5A10B: Blood sugar lowering drugs7212A10BB: Sulfonylureas538.8B569.3B01: Antithrombotic agents264.3B01A: Antithrombotic agents264.3B01AC: Platelet aggregation inhibitors233.8B05: Blood substitutes274.5B05B:I.v. solutions274.5B05BC: Osmotic diuresis274.5C29048.3C03: Diuretics7512.5C03C: High-ceiling diuretics6811.3C03CA: Sulfonamides, plain6811.3C07: Beta blocking agents11919.8C07A: Beta blocking agents11919.8C07AB: Beta blocking agents, selective6210.3C08: Calcium channel blockers9916.5C08C: Selective calcium channel blockers9115.2C08CA: Dihydropyridine derivatives9115.2C10: Lipid modifying agents9916.5C10A: Lipid modifying agents, plain9716.2C10AA: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors9716.2D366D07: Corticosteroids416.8D07A: Corticosteroids, plain416.8D07AA: Corticosteroids, weak (group I)305G30.5G04: Urologicals40.7G04C: Drugs found in BPH20.3G04CA: Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists20.3H366H01: Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones315.2H01C: Hypothalamic hormones315.2H01CB: Somatostatin and analogues315.2J37362.2J01: Antibacterials for systemic use49582.5J01D: Other beta-lactam antibacterials26644.3J01DD: 3rd-generation cephalosporins25542.5J01?M: Quinolone antibacterials6811.3J01MA: Fluoroquinolones6811.3J04: Antimycobacterials9215.3J04A: Drugs for tuberculosis9215.3J04AK: Other drugs488L132.2L01: Antineoplastic agents172.8L01B: Antimetabolites040.7L01BA: Folic acid analogues030.5M18430.7M01: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products18831.3M01A: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids18831.3M01AB: Acetic acid derivatives15926.5N39866.3N02: Analgesics40367.2N02B: Other analgesics and antipyretics35959.8N02BE: Anilides30550.8N03: Antiepileptics6711.2N03A: Antiepileptics6711.2N03AX: Other antiepileptics325.3P122P01: Antiprotozoals132.2P01B: Antimalarials122P01BF: Artemisinin and derivatives91.5R18230.3R01: Nasal preparations8414R01A: Decongestants and other8414R01AD: Corticosteroids6110.2R03: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases11318.8R03A: Adrenergics, inhalants8614.3R03AC: Selective beta-2 agonists437.2R06: Antihistamines for systemic use6711.2R06A: Antihistamines for systemic use6711.2R06AA: Aminoalkyl ethers467.7V40.7V03: Other therapeutic products61V03A: Other therapeutic products61V03AB: Antidotes61 Open in another window Note: The patient might be prescribed a number of than one drug from level 2, level 3 and level 4 categories aPercentages given with regards to the total sample size from the patients. GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease, BPH Benign prostate hyperplasia One of the most commonly prescribed active substances were; A02BC01: omeprazole ( em n /em ?=?308, 51.3%), N02BE01: paracetamol ( em n /em ?=?305, 50.8%) and J01DD04: ceftriaxone ( em n /em ?=?241, 40.2%) (Table ?(Table5).5). An in depth description about using all prescribed medicines are available in Appendix. Table 5 Top active substances prescribed to analyze participants (ATC BCIP level 5) thead th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Name /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ ATC Code /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Frequency ( em n /em ?=?3179) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Percentagea /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Trend being used /th /thead AmlodipineC08CA017813MediumAspirinN02BA01549LowAtenololC07AB036210.3MediumCaptoprilC09AA01538.8LowCeftriaxoneJ01DD0424140.2HighDexamethasoneR01AD036110.2MediumDiclofenac sodiumM01AB0511118.5MediumFurosemideC03CA016811.3MediumLactuloseA06AD11498.2LowMetforminA10BA02538.8LowMetoclopramideA03FA018614.3MediumMetronidazoleA01AB1711919.8MediumOmeprazoleA02BC0130851.3HighParacetamolN02BE0130550.8HighSimvastatinC10AA016310.5Medium Open within a separate window aPercentages given with regards to the total sample size of patients After adjusting the factors connected with increased drug use among elderly hospitalized patients who had been on polypharmacy regimens in the univariate analysis, the factors which remained significant in the multiple linear regression were; male gender (95% CI ?.205, ?.006, em p /em ?=?.039, B?=??.091), being divorced.In India, an increase from 29 to 57% was observed in Klebsiella pneumonia between 2008 and 2014. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized to analyze the information. =? (%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%) /th /thead Heart diseasesa 62 (19.6)Heart diseasesa 43 (15.1)Heart diseasesa 105 (17.5)Respiratoryb 74 (23.4)Respiratoryb 69 (24.3)Respiratoryb 143 (23.8)Gastrointestinalc 123 (38.9)Gastrointestinalc 104 (36.6)Gastrointestinalc 227 (37.8)Diabetes Mellitus41 (13)Diabetes Mellitus71 (25)Diabetes Mellitus112 (18.7)Joint diseasesd 75 (23.7)Joint diseasesd 79 (27.8)Joint diseasesd 154 (25.7)Hypertension89 (28.2)Hypertension103 (36.3)Hypertension192 (32)CNS disorderse 63 (19.9)CNS disorderse 46 (16.2)CNS disorderse 109 (18.2)Others46 (14.6)Others49 (17.3)Others95 (15.8) Open within a separate window a(Heart failure, Coronary ischemic disease, Atrial fibrillation, Stenosis) b(Chronic bronchitis, Asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) c(Peptic ulcer, Irritable bowel syndrome) d(Osteoarthritis, Arthritis rheumatoid) e(Alzheimers disease, Epilepsy, Depression, Anxiety) One of the most commonly prescribed drug classes were: A: alimentary tract and metabolism (80%), N: nervous system (66.3, J: anti-infectives for systemic use (62.2and C: cardiovascular system (48.3%), respectively. The detailed description about the drug utilization pattern is given in Tables ?Tables33 and ?and44. Table 3 Prescription drug utilization in study participants thead th colspan=”19″ rowspan=”1″ Prescription Drug Utilization (%) /th th rowspan=”2″ colspan=”1″ Pharmacologic groups /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 60C74?years /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 75C89?years /th th colspan=”4″ rowspan=”1″ 90?years /th th colspan=”6″ rowspan=”1″ Total /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?239) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?183) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?57) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?76) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?20) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?25) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Male ( em n /em ?=?316) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Female ( em n /em ?=?284) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Overall ( em n /em ?=?600) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th /thead A?=?Alimentary tract and metabolism18276.215182.54477.25876.3201002510024677.823482.448080B?=?Blood and blood-forming organs2510.51910.435.367.91528299.2279.5569.3C?=?Cardiovascular system10242.78144.33663.24457.91260156015047.514049.329048.3D?=?Dermatologic104.273.881479.221028206.3165.6366G?=?Genitourinary system31.3000000000030.90030.5H?=?Systemic hormonal agents104.2189.823.522.621028144.4227.7366J?=?Anti-infectives for systemic use14761.513372.72543.94052.61365156018558.518866.237362.2L?=?Antineoplastic and immune-modulating agents72.921.111.833.9000082.551.8132.2M?=?Musculoskeletal system7029.35630.61831.62634.221012489028.59433.118430.7N?=?Nervous system16066.913473.23459.64863.21260104020665.219267.639866.3P?=?Antiparasitic products83.310.50022.6150092.831.1122R?=?Respiratory system6527.25429.52035.12938.25259369028.59232.418230.3V?=?Various0031.60011.300000041.440.7 Open within a separate window Table 4 Drug utilization pattern in study participants (ATC level 1C4) thead th colspan=”12″ rowspan=”1″ Drug Utilization pattern (%a) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 1 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 2 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ n /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 3 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Level 4 /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ em n /em /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ % /th /thead A48080A01: Stomatological preparations12020A01A: Stomatological preparations12020A01AB: Anti-infectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment12020A02: Drugs for acid related disorders38764.5A02B: Drugs for peptic ulcer and GERD38263.7A02BA: H2-receptor antagonists6010A02BC: Proton pump inhibitors30951.5A03: Drugs for functional gastrointestinal disorders12921.5A03F: Propulsives11619.3A03FA: Propulsives11619.3A10: Drugs utilized in diabetes11719.5A10B: Blood sugar lowering drugs7212A10BB: Sulfonylureas538.8B569.3B01: Antithrombotic agents264.3B01A: Antithrombotic agents264.3B01AC: Platelet aggregation inhibitors233.8B05: Blood substitutes274.5B05B:I.v. solutions274.5B05BC: Osmotic diuresis274.5C29048.3C03: Diuretics7512.5C03C: High-ceiling diuretics6811.3C03CA: Sulfonamides, plain6811.3C07: Beta blocking agents11919.8C07A: Beta blocking agents11919.8C07AB: Beta blocking agents, selective6210.3C08: Calcium channel blockers9916.5C08C: Selective calcium channel blockers9115.2C08CA: Dihydropyridine derivatives9115.2C10: Lipid modifying agents9916.5C10A: Lipid modifying agents, plain9716.2C10AA: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors9716.2D366D07: Corticosteroids416.8D07A: Corticosteroids, plain416.8D07AA: Corticosteroids, weak (group I)305G30.5G04: Urologicals40.7G04C: Drugs utilized in BPH20.3G04CA: Alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists20.3H366H01: Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones315.2H01C: Hypothalamic hormones315.2H01CB: Somatostatin and analogues315.2J37362.2J01: Antibacterials for systemic use49582.5J01D: Other beta-lactam antibacterials26644.3J01DD: 3rd-generation cephalosporins25542.5J01?M: Quinolone antibacterials6811.3J01MA: Fluoroquinolones6811.3J04: Antimycobacterials9215.3J04A: Drugs for tuberculosis9215.3J04AK: Other drugs488L132.2L01: Antineoplastic agents172.8L01B: Antimetabolites040.7L01BA: Folic acid analogues030.5M18430.7M01: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products18831.3M01A: Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products, non-steroids18831.3M01AB: Acetic acid derivatives15926.5N39866.3N02: Analgesics40367.2N02B: Other analgesics and antipyretics35959.8N02BE: Anilides30550.8N03: Antiepileptics6711.2N03A: Antiepileptics6711.2N03AX: Other antiepileptics325.3P122P01: Antiprotozoals132.2P01B: Antimalarials122P01BF: Artemisinin and derivatives91.5R18230.3R01: Nasal preparations8414R01A: Decongestants and other8414R01AD: Corticosteroids6110.2R03: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases11318.8R03A: Adrenergics, inhalants8614.3R03AC: Selective beta-2 agonists437.2R06: Antihistamines for systemic use6711.2R06A: Antihistamines for systemic use6711.2R06AA: Aminoalkyl ethers467.7V40.7V03: Other therapeutic products61V03A: Other therapeutic products61V03AB: Antidotes61 Open within a separate window Note: The patient might be prescribed a number of than one drug from level 2, level 3 and level 4 categories aPercentages given with regards to the total sample size from the patients. GERD Gastroesophageal BCIP reflux disease, BPH Benign prostate hyperplasia One of the most commonly prescribed active substances were; A02BC01: omeprazole ( em n /em ?=?308, 51.3%), N02BE01: paracetamol ( em n /em ?=?305, 50.8%) and J01DD04: ceftriaxone ( em n /em ?=?241, 40.2%) (Table ?(Table5).5). An in depth description about using all prescribed medicines are available in Appendix. Table 5 Top active substances prescribed to analyze participants (ATC level 5) thead th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Name /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ ATC Code /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Frequency ( em n /em ?=?3179) /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Percentagea /th th rowspan=”1″ colspan=”1″ Trend being used /th /thead AmlodipineC08CA017813MediumAspirinN02BA01549LowAtenololC07AB036210.3MediumCaptoprilC09AA01538.8LowCeftriaxoneJ01DD0424140.2HighDexamethasoneR01AD036110.2MediumDiclofenac sodiumM01AB0511118.5MediumFurosemideC03CA016811.3MediumLactuloseA06AD11498.2LowMetforminA10BA02538.8LowMetoclopramideA03FA018614.3MediumMetronidazoleA01AB1711919.8MediumOmeprazoleA02BC0130851.3HighParacetamolN02BE0130550.8HighSimvastatinC10AA016310.5Medium Open within a separate window aPercentages given with regards to the total sample size of patients After adjusting the factors connected with increased drug use among elderly hospitalized patients who.