In line with our results, aCL-IgA is generally associated with consensus aPL positivity [30]. observed in Rabbit Polyclonal to AQP12 the aCL-IgG isotype. Interestingly, 72% of aPL-positive SZ individuals were positive for a2GPI-IgA, with some also co-expressing multiple isotypes, suggesting a potential link between SZ and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Conclusions: This study is the 1st to report a high prevalence of aCL-IgA and a2GPI-IgA in SZ individuals, highlighting a possible autoimmune involvement in the disease. The presence of multiple aPL isotypes, particularly IgA, suggests a Daptomycin need for further investigation into their part in SZ pathogenesis and their potential association with APS. Keywords:schizophrenia, antiphospholipid antibodies, anticardiolipin, anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I, autoimmunity, IgA == 1. Intro == Schizophrenia is definitely a major mental disorder with no clearly recognized pathophysiology despite decades of research. Increasing evidence points to an immunological involvement with this disease, particularly through the dysregulation of inflammatory reactions and the production of specific autoantibodies [1]. Several studies possess reported elevated levels of brain-reactive autoantibodies in schizophrenic (SZ) individuals, including antibodies focusing on neurotransmitter receptors [2]. Additionally, investigations have explored the presence of non-organ-specific autoantibodies, such as antinuclear and antiphospholipid antibodies [3], which are often elevated in autoimmune diseases, even when organ-specific autoantibodies are absent. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) have garnered significant attention in recent years because of the frequent association with thrombotic events, pregnancy-related complications, and psychiatric symptoms [4]. The aPL antibodies are key markers for antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS), an autoimmune disorder characterized by an increased risk of vascular thrombosis and obstetric complications. APS can be classified as main when it happens without an underlying autoimmune disease or secondary when associated with another autoimmune Daptomycin condition, typically systemic lupus erythematosus Daptomycin (SLE). A third subtype, catastrophic APS, is a rare and life-threatening form characterized by the acute onset of thromboses influencing multiple organs [5]. These subtypes vary in medical severity and management strategies. The aPLs comprise a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies directed against phospholipids, phospholipid-binding proteins, or their complexes [6], which perform a key part in the coagulation process. The aPLs have been demonstrated to interact with cell membranes within specialized microdomains enriched in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids, termed lipid rafts, that are implied in signal transduction pathways. Anti-2GPI antibodies (anti-2GPI) react with 2GPI but also annexin A2 Daptomycin and toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4) within lipid rafts, triggering proinflammatory and procoagulant signaling pathways in endothelial cells, monocytes, and platelets. These relationships lead to the release of tissue element (TF) and TNF-, promoting thrombosis and inflammation, which are central to the pathophysiology of APS [5]. Among the most generally reported aPLs involved in thrombotic vascular events, particularly in autoimmune disorders, are anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), which are known to disrupt numerous cellular and circulatory functions [7]. In schizophrenia, abnormalities in membrane phospholipids have been identified as a key feature [8,9], Daptomycin assisting the hypothesis that schizophrenia may be a metabolic disorder [10,11]. Another theory points to abnormalities in coagulation pathways, particularly reduced cells plasminogen activator (tPA) activity [12], suggesting a possible pathogenic part for aPLs in the disease. These hypotheses, along with genetic and environmental factors, appear interconnected, contributing to the pathogenesis of this clearly multifactorial disorder. 2GPI is a plasma glycoprotein involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis [13]. In vitro, 2GPI exhibits several anticoagulant properties [14]. Although its natural function remains unclear, it may contribute to regulating fibrinolysis [15] and platelet activity [16], with moderate anticoagulant effects that are amplified when bound to antibodies [17]. 2GPI has also been shown to participate in the phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons and vascular injury in experimental mind stroke [18]. In this study, we statement the prevalence of IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies against both CL and 2GPI in drug-free SZ individuals compared to healthy controls, along with the correlation between aPL levels and psychopathology scores. == 2. Materials and Methods == == 2.1. Subjects == == 2.1.1. Schizophrenic Individuals == Eighty individuals who met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia [19] were recruited from your Psychiatry Division of Farhat Hached Hospital in Sousse, Tunisia. Each individual underwent a diagnostic assessment through structured medical interviews using the Structured Medical Interview for.